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Monday, April 19, 2021

LVM on Linux demo to add disk and create mount points

 Logical Volume Management (LVM) is very powerful device mapper framework that provides logical volume management for Linux systems. 

In this post I'll just present you the minimal commands that are required to make use of the storage that is added to OS. In my last post, I've written about how to add storage to guest OS running on a VirtualBox. It can be compared to the storage addition done at OS level in companies. Once the storage is provided to the OS (be it a single disk added or a chunk from SAN, etc.,), we will look at how to make the storage available at the Linux OS for usage. 


The process will involve the below steps

  • Create Linux LVM partition using fdisk
  • Create physical volume
  • Create Volume group
  • Create Logical Volume
  • Create file system (ext4 used in this example)
  • Mount the FS
  • Make the FS mount permanent

Explanation of commands (highlighted lines) used are provided as comment lines prior to the commands in the demo. A few notable result lines are also highlighted. 

 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #check for available File systems
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1        25G  6.0G   18G  26% /
tmpfs           2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda3       9.8G  5.9G  3.4G  64% /u01
/dev/sda2        12G  4.9G  6.3G  44% /u02
Oracle          500G  267G  234G  54% /media/sf_Oracle
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #List disks available, o/p truncated for better viewing
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdd: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x5f998c79

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdd1               1         652     5237158+  83  Linux

...
...
...
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00056a91

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1        3264    26214400   83  Linux
/dev/sda2            3264        4830    12579840   83  Linux
/dev/sda3            4830        6136    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sda4            6136        6528     3147776    5  Extended
/dev/sda5            6136        6528     3145728   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Disk /dev/sde: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf306e413

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sde1               1         652     5237158+  83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdf: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x9e53da19

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Format the newly added disk. 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #I'm creating 2 primary partitions with 15GB each in total of 30GB disk
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Using n,p,1,1,+15G,n,p,2(default),1960(default),3916(default),w as input
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #This step can be skipped if you want to partition while initializing using pvcreate
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# fdisk /dev/sdf

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-3916, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-3916, default 3916): +15G

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (1960-3916, default 1960):
Using default value 1960
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1960-3916, default 3916):
Using default value 3916

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@12r1-rac2 /]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #List the available disks. Newly created disks are visible, o/p truncated for better viewing
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdd: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x5f998c79

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdd1               1         652     5237158+  83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdc: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
...
...
...

/dev/sda3            4830        6136    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sda4            6136        6528     3147776    5  Extended
/dev/sda5            6136        6528     3145728   82  Linux swap / Solaris

Disk /dev/sde: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf306e413

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sde1               1         652     5237158+  83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdf: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x9e53da19

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdf1               1        1959    15735636   83  Linux
/dev/sdf2            1960        3916    15719602+  83  Linux
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Change the partition type of /dev/sdf1, /dev/sdf2 to Linux LVM 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Using t,1,8e,t,2,8e,w as input
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdf

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 2
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 2 to 8e (Linux LVM)

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #List the available disks, o/p truncated for better viewing
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sdd: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x5f998c79

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdd1               1         652     5237158+  83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdc: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
...
...
...

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf306e413

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sde1               1         652     5237158+  83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdf: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3916 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x9e53da19

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdf1               1        1959    15735636   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sdf2            1960        3916    15719602+  8e  Linux LVM
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Currently LVM is not configured in the system and hence no o/p for the below 3 commands
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# pvs
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# vgs
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# lvs
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#	#Create physical volumes using available disks. (also used to format block device if not formatted already)
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdf1 /dev/sdf2
  Physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully created
  Physical volume "/dev/sdf2" successfully created
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #List the physical volumes, you can use 'pvdisplay' command to view detailed information
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# pvs
  PV         VG   Fmt  Attr PSize  PFree
  /dev/sdf1       lvm2 ---  15.01g 15.01g
  /dev/sdf2       lvm2 ---  14.99g 14.99g
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Create Volume Group (named vg18c) using the available PVs 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# vgcreate vg18c /dev/sdf1 /dev/sdf2
  Volume group "vg18c" successfully created
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #List available VGs, #PV denotes 2 PVs associated with this VG. 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Use 'vgdisplay' command to view detailed information
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# vgs
  VG    #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree
  vg18c   2   0   0 wz--n- 29.99g 29.99g
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Create Logical Volume from the available VG
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# # -L is size and -n is name. Last variable is the VG, the LV will be created from.
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# lvcreate -L 12G -n 18cgrid vg18c
  Logical volume "18cgrid" created.
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# lvcreate -L 12G -n 18cdb vg18c
  Logical volume "18cdb" created.
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #List the LVs. Use 'lvdisplay' to view detailed information
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# lvs
  LV      VG    Attr       LSize  Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  18cdb   vg18c -wi-a----- 12.00g
  18cgrid vg18c -wi-a----- 12.00g
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Now create File system of type ext4 with the available LV using mkfs command
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vg18c/18cdb
mke2fs 1.43-WIP (20-Jun-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
786432 inodes, 3145728 blocks
157286 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=3221225472
96 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vg18c/18cgrid
mke2fs 1.43-WIP (20-Jun-2013)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
786432 inodes, 3145728 blocks
157286 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=3221225472
96 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# mkdir /oradir1 /oradir2
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Mount the FS using mount command
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# mount /dev/vg18c/18cgrid /oradir1
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# mount /dev/vg18c/18cdb /oradir2
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1              25G  6.0G   18G  26% /
tmpfs                 2.0G  629M  1.4G  32% /dev/shm
/dev/sda3             9.8G  5.9G  3.4G  64% /u01
/dev/sda2              12G  4.9G  6.3G  44% /u02
Oracle                500G  267G  234G  54% /media/sf_Oracle
/dev/mapper/vg18c-18cgrid
                       12G   30M   12G   1% /oradir1
/dev/mapper/vg18c-18cdb
                       12G   30M   12G   1% /oradir2
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# #Edit the fstab to make the mount permanent across reboots. 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]#
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# cat /etc/fstab

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Oct 20 01:50:26 2015
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=b149969c-329d-48d7-ace0-ea7ac6671964 /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=aa9b0bed-4eab-407d-8c0f-c2739a7678fb /u01                    ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=2ab60579-5059-4c1e-9db1-7ac8d9a5ac77 /u02                    ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=6ebf30ec-79d9-4c54-8e44-ce7f47190fdd swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/vg18c-18cgrid     /oradir1                ext4    defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/vg18c-18cdb       /oradir2                ext4    defaults        0 0
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 ~]# 

If you would like to remove the LV, VG and PV, you can do the following
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# #Make sure to umount the file system. 
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# umount /dev/mapper/vg18c-18cgrid
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# umount /dev/mapper/vg18c-18cdb
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1        25G  5.1G   19G  22% /
tmpfs           2.0G  633M  1.4G  32% /dev/shm
/dev/sda3       9.8G  5.9G  3.4G  64% /u01
/dev/sda2        12G  4.9G  6.3G  44% /u02
Oracle          500G  268G  233G  54% /media/sf_Oracle
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# #Remove the logical volume
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# lvremove /dev/mapper/vg18c-18cgrid
Do you really want to remove active logical volume 18cgrid? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "18cgrid" successfully removed
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# lvremove /dev/mapper/vg18c-18cdb
Do you really want to remove active logical volume 18cdb? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "18cdb" successfully removed
[root@12r1-rac2 /]#
[root@12r1-rac2 /]#
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# #Remove the volume group
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# vgremove vg18c
  Volume group "vg18c" successfully removed
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# 
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# #Remove the Physical volumes created
[root@12r1-rac2 /]# pvremove /dev/sdf1 /dev/sdf2
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully wiped
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdf2" successfully wiped
[root@12r1-rac2 /]#
[root@12r1-rac2 /]#

References

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